[1] Zhang, M., Yu, P., Xie, J., & Li, J. (2022). Recent advances of zwitterionic-based topological polymers for biomedical applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 10(14), 2338-2356.
[2] Lowe, A. B., & McCormick, C. L. (2002). Synthesis and solution properties of zwitterionic polymers. Chemical reviews, 102(11), 4177-4190.
[3] Schlenoff, J. B. (2014). Zwitteration: coating surfaces with zwitterionic functionality to reduce nonspecific adsorption. Langmuir, 30(32), 9625-9636.
[4] Yuan, Y. Y., Mao, C. Q., Du, X. J., Du, J. Z., Wang, F., & Wang, J. (2012). Surface charge switchable nanoparticles based on zwitterionic polymer for enhanced drug delivery to tumor. Advanced materials, 24(40), 5476-5480.
[5] Li, Y., Liu, R., Shi, Y., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, X. (2015). Zwitterionic poly (carboxybetaine)-based cationic liposomes for effective delivery of small interfering RNA therapeutics without accelerated blood clearance phenomenon. Theranostics, 5(6), 583.
[6] Jin, Q., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., & Ji, J. (2014). Zwitterionic drug nanocarriers: A biomimetic strategy for drug delivery. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 124, 80-86.
[7] Qu, K., Yuan, Z., Wang, Y., Song, Z., Gong, X., Zhao, Y., Mu, Q., Zhan, Q., Xu, W., & Wang, L. (2022). Structures, properties, and applications of zwitterionic polymers. ChemPhysMater, 1(4), 294-309.
[8] Kane, R. S., Deschatelets, P., & Whitesides, G. M. (2003). Kosmotropes form the basis of protein-resistant surfaces. Langmuir, 19(6), 2388-2391.
[9] Wang, Y., Luo, Y., Zhao, Q., Wang, Z., Xu, Z., & Jia, X. (2016). An enzyme-responsive nanogel carrier based on PAMAM dendrimers for drug delivery. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 8(31), 19899-19906.
[10] Ladd, J., Zhang, Z., Chen, S., Hower, J. C., & Jiang, S. (2008). Zwitterionic polymers exhibiting high resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption from human serum and plasma. Biomacromolecules, 9(5), 1357-1361.
[11] Zhang, Z., Chao, T., Chen, S., & Jiang, S. (2006). Superlow fouling sulfobetaine and carboxybetaine polymers on glass slides. Langmuir, 22(24),
10072-10077.
[12] Shao, Q., & Jiang, S. (2015). Molecular understanding and design of zwitterionic materials. Advanced materials, 27(1), 15-26.
[13] Ladenheim, H., & Morawetz, H. (1957). A new type of polyampholyte: Poly (4‐vinyl pyridine betaine). Journal of Polymer Science, 26(113), 251-254.
[14] Ye, H., Wang, L., Huang, R., Su, R., Liu, B., Qi, W., & He, Z. (2015). Superior antifouling performance of a zwitterionic peptide compared to an amphiphilic, non-ionic peptide. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 7(40), 22448-22457.
[15] Kudaibergenov, S. E. (2021). Synthetic and natural polyampholytes: Structural and behavioral similarity. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 32(3), 906-918.
[16] Zurick, K. M., & Bernards, M. (2014). Recent biomedical advances with polyampholyte polymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 131(6).
[17] Li, M., Zhuang, B., & Yu, J. (2020). Functional zwitterionic polymers on surface: structures and applications. Chemistry–An Asian Journal, 15(14), 2060-2075.
[18] Erfani, A., Seaberg, J., Aichele, C. P., & Ramsey, J. D. (2020). Interactions between biomolecules and zwitterionic moieties: a review. Biomacromolecules, 21(7), 2557-2573.
[19] Nedaei, L., & Shokrkar, H. (2025). Application and Importance of pH Sensitive Hydrogels in Drug Delivery. Iranian Chemical Engineering Journal, 24(138), 53-64.
[20] Kawano, S., Lie, J., Ohgi, R., Shizuma, M., & Muraoka, M. (2021). Modulating polymeric amphiphiles using thermo-and pH-responsive copolymers with cyclodextrin pendant groups through molecular recognition of the lipophilic dye. Macromolecules, 54(11), 5229-5240.
[21] Zhao, D., Rajan, R., & Matsumura, K. (2019). Dual thermo-and pH-responsive behavior of double zwitterionic graft copolymers for suppression of protein aggregation and protein release. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 11(43), 39459-39469.
[22] Xiao, S., Ren, B., Huang, L., Shen, M., Zhang, Y., Zhong, M., Yang, J., & Zheng, J. (2018). Salt-responsive zwitterionic polymer brushes with anti-polyelectrolyte property. Current opinion in chemical engineering, 19, 86-93.
[23] Zhou, L. -Y., Zhu, Y. -H., Wang, X. -Y., Shen, C., Wei, X. -W., Xu, T., & He, Z. -Y. (2020). Novel zwitterionic vectors: Multi-functional delivery systems for therapeutic genes and drugs. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 18, 1980-1999.
[24] Petroff, M. G., Garcia, E. A., Herrera-Alonso, M., & Bevan, M. A. (2019). Ionic strength-dependent interactions and dimensions of adsorbed zwitterionic copolymers. Langmuir, 35(14), 4976-4985.
[25] Seuring, J., & Agarwal, S. (2012). Polymers with upper critical solution temperature in aqueous solution. Macromolecular rapid communications, 33(22), 1898-1920.
[26] Niskanen, J., & Tenhu, H. (2017). How to manipulate the upper critical solution temperature (UCST)? Polymer Chemistry, 8(1), 220-232.
[27] Sun, Z., Li, Y., Zheng, S. Y., Mao, S., He, X., Wang, X., & Yang, J. (2021). Zwitterionic nanocapsules with salt-and thermo-responsiveness for controlled encapsulation and release. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 13(39), 47090-47099.
[28] Sun, Z., Wu, Q., Li, L., Cai, C., Xue, L., Ye, C., & Gao, C. (2020). Structure-controlled zwitterionic nanocapsules with thermal-responsiveness. Nanotechnology, 31(42), 425710.
[29] Sun, Z., Yang, L., Xu, C., Cai, C., & Li, L. (2023). Zwitterionic nanocapsules with pH-and thermal-responsiveness for drug-controlled release. Nanotechnology, 34(15), 155101.
[30] Chen, Z. (2022). Surface hydration and antifouling activity of zwitterionic polymers. Langmuir, 38(15), 4483-4489.
[31] Liu, Z. -Y., Jiang, Q., Jin, Z., Sun, Z., Ma, W., & Wang, Y. (2019). Understanding the antifouling mechanism of zwitterionic monomer-grafted polyvinylidene difluoride membranes: a comparative experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 11(15), 14408-14417.
[32] Moayedi, S., Xia, W., Lundergan, L., Yuan, H., & Xu, J. (2024). Zwitterionic polymers for biomedical applications: Antimicrobial and antifouling strategies toward implantable medical devices and drug delivery. Langmuir, 40(44), 23125-23145.
[33] Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Ren, B., Zhang, D., Xie, S., Chang, Y., Yang, J., Wu, J., Xu, L., & Zheng, J. (2019). Fundamentals and applications of zwitterionic antifouling polymers. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 52(40), 403001.
[34] Cao, Z., & Jiang, S. (2012). Super-hydrophilic zwitterionic poly (carboxybetaine) and amphiphilic non-ionic poly (ethylene glycol) for stealth nanoparticles. Nano Today, 7(5), 404-413.
[35] Li, N., Wang, Z., Zhang, L., Nian, L., Lei, L.,Yang, X., Zhang, H., & Yu, A. (2014). Liquid-phase extraction coupled with metal–organic frameworks-based dispersive solid phase extraction of herbicides in peanuts. Talanta, 128, 345-353.
[36] Harijan, M., & Singh, M. (2022). Zwitterionic polymers in drug delivery: A review. Journal of Molecular Recognition, 35(1), e2944.
[37] Li, Y., Cheng, Q., Jiang, Q., Huang, Y., Liu, H., Zhao, Y., Cao, W., Ma, G., Dai, F., & Liang, X. (2014). Enhanced endosomal/lysosomal escape by distearoyl phosphoethanolamine-polycarboxybetaine lipid for systemic delivery of siRNA. Journal of controlled release, 176, 104-114.
[38] Cao, Z., Yu, Q., Xue, H., Cheng, G., & Jiang, S. (2010). Nanoparticles for drug delivery prepared from amphiphilic PLGA zwitterionic block copolymers with sharp contrast in polarity between two blocks. Angewandte Chemie, 22(122), 3859-3864.
[39] Lu, Y., Yue, Z., Xie, J., Wang, W., Zhu, H., Zhang, E., & Cao, Z. (2018). Micelles with ultralow critical micelle concentration as carriers for drug delivery. Nature biomedical engineering, 2(5), 318-325.
[40] Encinas, N., Angulo, M., Astorga, C., Colilla, M., Izquierdo-Barba, I., & Vallet-Regí, M. (2019). Mixed-charge pseudo-zwitterionic mesoporous silica nanoparticles with low-fouling and reduced cell uptake properties. Acta biomaterialia, 84, 317-327.
[41] Lin, W., Ma, G., Ji, F., Zhang, J., Wang, L., Sun, H., & Chen, S. (2015). Biocompatible long-circulating star carboxybetaine polymers. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 3(3), 440-448.
[42] Morimoto, N., Wakamura, M., Muramatsu, K., Toita, S., Nakayama, M., Shoji, W., Suzuki, M., & Winnik, F. M. (2016). Membrane translocation and organelle-selective delivery steered by polymeric zwitterionic nanospheres. Biomacromolecules, 17(4), 1523-1535.
[43] Cao, Z., Zhang, L., & Jiang, S. (2012). Superhydrophilic zwitterionic polymers stabilize liposomes. Langmuir, 28(31), 11625-11632.
[44] Zhang, L., Cao, Z., Li, Y., Ella-Menye, J.-R., Bai, T., & Jiang, S. (2012). Softer zwitterionic nanogels for longer circulation and lower splenic accumulation. ACS nano, 6(8), 6681-6686.
[45] Zhao, G., Sun, Y., & Dong, X. (2020). Zwitterionic polymer micelles with dual conjugation of doxorubicin and curcumin: synergistically enhanced efficacy against multidrug-resistant tumor cells. Langmuir, 36(9), 2383-2395.
[46] Saha, P., Ganguly, R., Li, X., Das, R., Singha, N. K., & Pich, A. (2021). Zwitterionic nanogels and microgels: An overview on their synthesis and applications. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 42(13), 2100112.
[47] Ensign, L. M., Schneider, C., Suk, J. S., Cone, R., & Hanes, J. (2012). Mucus penetrating nanoparticles: biophysical tool and method of drug and gene delivery. Advanced materials, 24(28), 3887-3894.
[48] Cone, R. A. (2009). Barrier properties of mucus. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 61(2), 75-85.
[49] Han, X., Lu, Y., Xie, J., Zhang, E., Zhu, H., Du, H., Wang, K., Song, B., Yang, C., & Shi, Y. (2020). Zwitterionic micelles efficiently deliver oral insulin without opening tight junctions. Nature nanotechnology, 15(7), 605-614.
[50] Li, Y., Ji, W., Peng, H., Zhao, R., Zhang, T., Lu, Z., Yang, J., Liu, R., & Zhang, X. (2021). Charge-switchable zwitterionic polycarboxybetaine particle as an intestinal permeation enhancer for efficient oral insulin delivery. Theranostics, 11(9), 4452.
[51] Liu, F., Su, H., Li, M., Xie, W., Yan, Y., & Shuai, Q. (2022). Zwitterionic modification of polyethyleneimine for efficient in vitro siRNA delivery. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(9), 5014.
[52] Banerjee, A., Ibsen, K., Brown, T., Chen, R., Agatemor, C., & Mitragotri, S. (2018). Ionic liquids for oral insulin delivery. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(28), 7296-7301.
[53] McCartney, F., Gleeson, J. P., & Brayden, D. J. (2016). Safety concerns over the use of intestinal permeation enhancers: A mini-review. Tissue barriers, 4(2), e1176822.
[54] Xu, D., Wu, D., Qin, M., Nih, L. R., Liu, C., Cao, Z., Ren, J., Chen, X., He, Z., & Yu, W. (2019). Efficient delivery of nerve growth factors to the central nervous system for neural regeneration. Advanced Materials, 31(33), 1900727.
[55] Wu, D., Qin, M., Xu, D., Wang, L., Liu, C., Ren, J., Zhou, G., Chen, C., Yang, F., & Li, Y. (2019). A bioinspired platform for effective delivery of protein therapeutics to the central nervous system. Advanced Materials, 31(18), 1807557.
[56] Zhou, Y., Holmseth, S., Hua, R., Lehre, A. C., Olofsson, A. M., Poblete-Naredo, I., Kempson, S. A., & Danbolt, N. C. (2012). The betaine-GABA transporter (BGT1, slc6a12) is predominantly expressed in the liver and at lower levels in the kidneys and at the brain surface. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 302(3), F316-F328.
[57] Wang, R., Yang, S., Xiao, P., Sun, Y., Li, J., Jiang, X., & Wu, W. (2022). Fluorination and Betaine Modification Augment the Blood–Brain Barrier‐Crossing Ability of Cylindrical Polymer Brushes. Angewandte Chemie, 134(19), e202201390.
[58] Duan, X., & Li, Y. (2013). Physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles affect circulation, biodistribution, cellular internalization, and trafficking. Small, 9(9‐10), 1521-1532.
[59] Ernsting, M. J., Murakami, M., Roy, A., & Li, S.-D. (2013). Factors controlling the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and intratumoral penetration of nanoparticles. Journal of controlled release, 172(3), 782-794.
[60] Zhao, C., Wen, S., Pan, J., Wang, K., Ji, Y., Huang, D., Zhao, B., & Chen, W. (2023). Robust construction of supersmall zwitterionic micelles based on hyperbranched polycarbonates mediates high tumor accumulation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 15(2), 2725-2736.
[61] Fujii, S., & Sakurai, K. (2022). Zwitterionic amino acid polymer-grafted core-crosslinked particle toward tumor delivery. Biomacromolecules, 23(9), 3968-3977.
[62] Peng, S., Wang, H., Zhao, W., Xin, Y., Liu, Y., Yu, X., Zhan, M., Shen, S., & Lu, L. (2020). Zwitterionic polysulfamide drug nanogels with microwave augmented tumor accumulation and on‐demand drug release for enhanced cancer therapy. Advanced Functional Materials, 30(23), 2001832.
[63] Jiang, S., & Cao, Z. (2010). Ultralow‐fouling, functionalizable, and hydrolyzable zwitterionic materials and their derivatives for biological applications. Advanced materials, 22(9), 920-932.
[64] Zhang, L., Cao, Z., Bai, T., Carr, L., Ella-Menye, J. -R., Irvin, C., Ratner, B. D., & Jiang, S. (2013). Zwitterionic hydrogels implanted in mice resist the foreign-body reaction. Nature biotechnology, 31(6), 553-556.
[65] Ishihara, K., Nomura, H., Mihara, T., Kurita, K., Iwasaki, Y., & Nakabayashi, N. (1998). Why do phospholipid polymers reduce protein adsorption? Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: An Official Journal of The Society for Biomaterials, The Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and the Australian Society for Biomaterials, 39(2), 323-330.
[66] Yang, Q., & Lai, S. K. (2015). Anti‐PEG immunity: emergence, characteristics, and unaddressed questions. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 7(5),655-677.
[67] Elsadek, N. E., Lila, A. S. A., & Ishida, T. (2020). Immunological responses to PEGylated proteins: anti-PEG antibodies. In Polymer-Protein Conjugates103-123, Elsevier.
[68] Basak, S., & Das, T. K. (2024). Zwitterionic, Stimuli-Responsive Liposomes for Curcumin Drug Delivery: Enhancing M2 Macrophage Polarization and Reducing Oxidative Stress through Enzyme-Specific and Hyperthermia-Triggered Release. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 8(1), 726-740.
[69] Tian, Y., Ma, Y., Kang, Y., Tian, S., Li, Q., Zhang, L., & Yang, J. (2024). Zwitterionic-hydrogel-based sensing system enables real-time ROS monitoring for ultra-long hypothermic cell preservation. Acta Biomaterialia, 186, 275-285.
[70] Ou, H., Cheng, T., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Ding, Y., Zhen, J., Shen, W., Xu, Y., Yang, W., & Niu, P. (2018). Surface-adaptive zwitterionic nanoparticles for prolonged blood circulation time and enhanced cellular uptake in tumor cells. Acta Biomaterialia, 65, 339-348.
[71] Wang, J., Yuan, S., Zhang, Y., Wu, W., Hu, Y., & Jiang, X. (2016). The effects of poly (zwitterions) s versus poly (ethylene glycol) surface coatings on the biodistribution of protein nanoparticles. Biomaterials science, 4(9), 1351-1360.
[72] Jiang, A. Y., Lathwal, S., Meng, S., Witten, J., Beyer, E., McMullen, P., Hu, Y., Manan, R. S., Raji, I., & Langer, R. (2024). Zwitterionic Polymer-Functionalized Lipid Nanoparticles for the Nebulized Delivery of mRNA. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 146(47), 32567-32574.
[73] Sun, H., Chang, M. Y. Z., Cheng, W. -I., Wang, Q., Commisso, A., Capeling, M., Wu, Y., & Cheng, C. (2017). Biodegradable zwitterionic sulfobetaine polymer and its conjugate with paclitaxel for sustained drug delivery. Acta Biomaterialia, 64, 290-300.
[74] Ishihara, K. (2022). Biomimetic materials based on zwitterionic polymers toward human-friendly medical devices. Science and technology of advanced materials, 23(1), 498-524.
[75] Lv, W., Wang, Y., Fu, H., Liang, Z., Huang, B., Jiang, R., ... & Zhao, Y. (2024). Recent advances of multifunctional zwitterionic polymers for biomedical application. Acta biomaterialia, 181, 19-45.
[76] Valdeperez, D., Wutke, N., Ackermann, L.-M., Parak, W. J., Klapper, M., & Pelaz, B. (2022). Colloidal stability of polymer coated zwitterionic Au nanoparticles in biological media. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 534, 120820.
[77] Dong, Z., Mao, J., Yang, M., Wang, D., Bo, S., & Ji, X. (2011). Phase behavior of poly (sulfobetaine methacrylate)-grafted silica nanoparticles and their stability in protein solutions. Langmuir, 27(24), 15282-15291.
[78] Lu, C., Liu, N., Gu, X., Li, B., Wang, Y., Gao, H., Ma, J., & Wu, G. (2014). Synthesis and characterization of biocompatible zwitterionic sulfobetaine polypeptides and their resistance to protein adsorption. Journal of Polymer Research, 21, 1-8.
[79] Ohara, Y., Nakai, K., Ahmed, S., Matsumura, K., Ishihara, K., & Yusa, S. -i. (2018). pH-responsive polyion complex vesicle with polyphosphobetaine shells. Langmuir, 35(5), 1249-1256.
[80] Braatz, D., Cherri, M., Tully, M., Dimde, M., Ma, G., Mohammadifar, E., Reisbeck, F., Ahmadi, V., Schirner, M., & Haag, R. (2022). Chemical approaches to synthetic drug delivery systems for systemic applications. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 61(49), e202203942.
[81] Goda, T., Goto, Y., & Ishihara, K. (2010). Cell-penetrating macromolecules: direct penetration of amphipathic phospholipid polymers across plasma membrane of living cells. Biomaterials, 31(8), 2380-2387.
[82] Tayo, L. L. (2017). Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for intracellular delivery. Biophysical reviews, 9(6), 931-940.
[83] Nishimura, S.-N., & Tanaka, M. (2023). The intermediate water concept for pioneering polymeric biomaterials: A review and update. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 96(9), 1052-1070.
