مهندسی شیمی ایران

مهندسی شیمی ایران

بررسی رفتار رزین فنول فرمالدهید سنتزشده برای کاربرد صنایع شیمی آغشته‌سازی کاغذ

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دکترای صنایع سلولزی، شرکت کیان الماس الموت، قزوین، ایران
2 دانشجوی کارشناس ارشد مهندسی پلیمر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران
3 استادیار مهندسی شیمی، دانشکده مهندسی شیمی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران
4 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد شیمی، دانشگاه پیام نور، واحد قزوین، قزوین ایران
5 ادارۀ آب منطقه‌ای قزوین، قزوین ایران
6 کارشناس ارشد مهندسی پتروشیمی و محیط زیست، ادارۀ گاز میامی، سمنان، ایران
چکیده
در این تحقیق رفتارهای رئولوژیکی (روانه‌شناختی) و ویسکوالاستیسیته (گران‌رو- کشسانی‌) شامل: گران‌روی، مدول ذخیره‌سازی(G')، مدول اتلاف (G″) و ضریب میرایی (tan δ) رزین شیمیایی فنول فرمالدهید صنایع آغشته‌سازی کاغذ براساس نسبت‌های مولی مختلف فنول به فرمالدهید (فرمالین) تحت دماهای سنتز خاص؛ یعنی دماهای ۶۰ ، ۸۰ و ۱۰۰ درجۀ سلسیوس و مدت زمان سنتز ۹۰ دقیقه در شرایط محیط قلیایی مطالعه‌شد. باتوجهبه اهمیت سنتز رزین و درنظرگرفتن شرایط آن در کیفیت نهایی محصول، در این تحقیق شرایط تولید رزین فنول فرمالدهید براساس شرایط صنعتی و پیشامدهای ممکن- مانند قطع برق در خط تولید و خطاهای اپراتوری درحین فرایند ساخت رزین- بررسیشد. نتایج نشانداد که رزین فنولفرمالدهید برای تمام نمونههای سنتزشده در دمای ۸۰ درجۀ سلسیوس و بالاتر از خود، دارای رفتار غلیظشدن برشی و در دماهای زیر 80 درجۀ سلسیوس دارای رفتار رقیقشدن برشی است. حاصل رقیقشدن برشی رزینی با گران‌روی بسیار پایین و غلیظشدن برشی رزینی با گران‌روی بسیار بالا بود که براساس نتایج این تحقیق، اثبات‌شد که رزینهای فنولفرمالدهید سنتزشده در دمای 80 درجۀ سلسیوس باوجود غلیظشدن برشی اما با دارابودن گران‌روی حدود 400 الی 500 سانتی‌پواز، مناسبترین رزین برای صنایع آغشته‌سازی کاغذ است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

Investigating the Behavior of Synthesized Phenol Formaldehyde Resin for the Application of Paper Chemical Impregnation Industries

نویسندگان English

.S Kamrani 1
.A. M Naseri 2
Mahdi Moeyed Mohseni 3
.M Kakavand 4 5
Mohammad Kamrani 6
1 Ph. D. in Cellulose Industries, Kian Almas Alamut Paper Company, Qazvin, Iran
2 M. Sc. Student of Polymer Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
3 Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
4 M. Sc. Student of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Qazvin Branch, Qazvin, Iran
5 Qazvin Regional Water Administration, Qazvin, Iran
6 M. Sc. in Petrochemical and Environmental Engineering, Miami Gas Department, Semnan, Iran
چکیده English

In this study, rheological and viscoelastic behaviors including viscosity, storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G″) and damping coefficient (tan δ) of phenol formaldehyde chemical resin for paper impregnation industries were studied based on different molar comparisons of phenol to formaldehyde (formalin), specific synthesis temperatures, namely temperatures of 60, 80 and 100 °C, and synthesis time of 90 minutes in alkaline conditions. Considering the importance of resin synthesis and considering its conditions in the final quality of the product, in this study, the production conditions of phenol formaldehyde resin were investigated based on industrial conditions and possible incidents such as power outages in the production line and operator errors during the resin manufacturing process. The results showed that phenol formaldehyde resin has shear thickening behavior for all synthesized samples at temperatures above 80 degrees Celsius and at temperatures below 80 °C. The shear thinning of resins with very low viscosity and shear thickening of resins with very high viscosity were achieved. Based on the results of this research, it was proven that phenol formaldehyde resins synthesized at 80 °C were shear thickened but with a viscosity of about 400 to 500 centipoise are the most suitable resins for the paper impregnation industry.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Phenol Formaldehyde Chemical Resin
Fluid Behavior
Rheology
Paper Impregnation Industry
 
 
[1]        O’Carroll, C. (2004, April). European market update. In Proceedings of the European Laminates Conference and Workshop, Berlin-Germany, 1-12.
[2]        Kamrani, S., Moradifar, A., Yadoollahi, S., & Seraian, A. R. (2013). The Investigation on Feasibility of Oriented Strand Boards to Parquet Production from Mixed Residual Veneer Popular and Beech. Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries, 3(2), 25-38, [In Persian].
[3]        Gillern, M. F., Oita, K., Teng, R. J., & Tiedeman, G. T. (1981). U. S. Patent No. 4, 264,671. Washington, DC: U. S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[4]        Kandelbauer, A., & Teischinger, A. (2009). Dynamic mechanical properties of decorative papers impregnated with melamine formaldehyde resin. European Journal of wood and wood products, 68(2), 179-187.
[5]        Özbay, G., Kökten, E. S., & Özçifçi, A. (2021). Synthesis and characterization of resol type phenol-formaldehyde resin improved by SiO2-Np.
[6]        Ullah, S., Bustam, M. A., Ahmad, F., Nadeem, M., Naz, M. Y., Sagir, M., & Shariff, A. M. (2015). Synthesis and characterization of melamine formaldehyde resins for decorative paper applications. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 62(2), 182-190.
[7]        Weiss, S., Seidl, R., Kessler, W., Kessler, R. W., Zikulnig-Rusch, E. M., & Kandelbauer, A. (2020). Unravelling the phases of melamine formaldehyde resin cure by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and multivariate curve resolution (MCR). Polymers, 12(11), 2569.
[8]        Erzen, B., Karataş, M., Deniz, Ş., & Aydoğmuş, E. (2024). Advances in Synthesis, Characterization, and Industrial Applications of Phenol Formaldehyde Resins.
[9]        Sari, R. K., Fitrianum, F., Kristak, L., Maulana, M. I., Antov, P., Hidayat, W., ... & Adly, M. (2024). Performance of Oriented Strand Board Bonded with a Hybrid Phenol-Formaldehyde/Polymeric Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate Adhesives System. BioResources, 19(4).
[10]      Galaburda, M., Szewczuk‐Karpisz, K., Goncharuk, O., Siryk, O., Charmas, B., & Deryło‐Marczewska, A. (2024). The influence of sodium alginate on the structural and adsorption properties of resorcinol‐formaldehyde resins and their porous carbon derivatives. ChemPhysChem, 25(4), e202300796.
[11]      Galaburda, M., Sternik, D., Chrzanowska, A., Oranska, O., Kovalov, Y., & Derylo-Marczewska, A. (2024). Physicochemical and Adsorption Characterization of Char Derived from Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Resin Modified with Metal Oxide/Silica Nanocomposites. Materials, 17(9), 1981.
[12]      Pilato, L. (Ed.). (2010). Phenolic resins: a century of progress (Vol. 11, p. 2010). New York: Springer.
[13]      Gardziella, A., Pilato, L. A., & Knop, A. (2013). Phenolic resins: chemistry, applications, standardization, safety and ecology. Springer Science & Business Media.
[14]      Zhang, W., Ma, Y., Wang, C., Li, S., Zhang, M., & Chu, F. (2013). Preparation and properties of lignin–phenol–formaldehyde resins based on different biorefinery residues of agricultural biomass. Industrial Crops and Products, 43, 326-333.
[15]      Lin, W. S., & Lee, W. J. (2018). Influence of curing temperature on the bonding strength of heat-treated plywood made with melamine-urea-formaldehyde and phenol–formaldehyde resins. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 76, 297-303.
[16]      Gillern, M. F., Oita, K., Teng, R. J., & Tiedeman, G. T. (1981). U.S. Patent No. 4,264,671. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[17]      Taverna, M. E., Ollearo, R., Moran, J. I., Nicolau, V. V., Estenoz, D. A., & Frontini, P. M. (2015). Mechanical evaluation of laminates based on phenolic resins using lignins as partial substitutes for phenol.
[18]      Cardona, F., & Sultan, M. B. H. (2016). Characterization of environmentally sustainable resole phenolic resins synthesized with plant-based bioresources. BioResources, 11(1), 965-983.
[19]      Bajia, S. C., Swarnkar, P., Kumar, S., & Bajia, B. (2007). Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Phenol‐Formaldehyde Resole. Journal of Chemistry, 4(4), 457-460.
[20]      Hu, X. M., Zhao, Y. Y., & Cheng, W. M. (2015). Effect of formaldehyde/phenol ratio (F/P) on the properties of phenolic resins and foams synthesized at room temperature. Polymer Composites, 36(8),1531-1540.
[21]      Gabilondo, N., Larranaga, M., Pena, C., Corcuera, M. A., Echeverría, J. M., & Mondragon, I. (2006). Polymerization of resole resins with several formaldehyde/phenol molar ratios: amine catalysts against sodium hydroxide catalysts. Journal of applied polymer science, 102(3), 2623-2631.
[22]      Bhattacharjee, G., Neogi, S., & Das, S. K. (2014). Phenol–formaldehyde runaway reaction: a case study. International Journal of Industrial Chemistry, 5, 1-6.
[23]      Zarei, G. M., Ahmadlouydarab, M., & Asadzadeh, N. (2023). Effect of Temperature on Enhanced Oil Recovery from aTwo-Dimensional Porous Medium when Injecting Polyacrylamide Polymer Solution. Iranian Chemical Engineering Journal, 23(130), 117-131, [In Persian].
[24]      Ghafouri Taleghani, H. R., Salimi Kkenari, H., & Cheraghi, M. (2024). Investigation of the Controlled Release Behavior of Amoxicillin from Dextran Hydrogels. Iranian Chemical Engineering Journal, 23(135), 46-58, [In Persian].
[25]      Khani, M. H., & Gh Khamseh, A. A. (2023). Kinetic, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic Study of Uranium Biosorption by Microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris. Iranian Chemical Engineering Journal, 23(132), 117-131, [In Persian]
[26] Barnes, H. A. (2000). A handbook of elementary rheology. University of Wales, Institute of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics.
[27]      Shaghaghi, S., Beheshty, M. H., & Rahimi, H. (2011). Preparation and rheological characterization of phenolic/glass prepregs, [In Persian].
[28]      Zhao, C., Zhang, G., & Zhao, L. (2012). Effect of curing agent and temperature on the rheological behavior of epoxy resin systems. Molecules, 17(7), 8587-8594.
[29]      Kordani, N., & Vanini, A. S. (2014). Different method to make laminates by shear thickening fluid. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials, 21(3), 421-425.
[30]      Gürgen, S. (2019). An investigation on composite laminates including shear thickening fluid under stab condition. Journal of Composite Materials, 53(8), 1111-1122.
[31]      Bhattacharjee, G., Neogi, S., & Das, S. K. (2014). Phenol–formaldehyde runaway reaction: a case study. International Journal of Industrial Chemistry, 5, 1-6.
[32]      Żmihorska-Gotfryd, A. (2006). Phenol-formaldehyde resols modified by boric acid. Polimery, 51(5), 386-388.
[33]      Pizzi, A., & Ibeh, C. C. (2014). Phenol–formaldehydes. In Handbook of thermoset plastics,13-44, William Andrew Publishing.
[34]      Li, T., Cao, M., Liang, J., Xie, X., & Du, G. (2017). Theoretical confirmation of the quinone methide hypothesis for the condensation reactions in phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesis. Polymers, 9(2), 45.
[35]      Lorenzo, G., Zaritzky, N. E., & Califano, A. N. (2011). Viscoelastic characterization of fluid and gel like food emulsions stabilized with hydrocolloids. Procedia Food Science, 1, 281-286.
[36]      Hashemnejad, S. M., & Kundu, S. (2019). Rheological properties and failure of alginate hydrogels with ionic and covalent crosslinks. Soft Matter, 15(39), 7852-7862.
[37]      Barnes, H. A. (2000). A handbook of elementary rheology. University of Wales, Institute of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics.
[38]      Guseva, D. V., Rudyak, V. Y., Komarov, P. V., Bulgakov, B. A., Babkin, A. V., & Chertovich, A. V. (2018). Dynamic and static mechanical properties of crosslinked polymer matrices: multiscale simulations and experiments. Polymers, 10(7), 792.