سامانۀ تخلیۀ مایع صفر (ZLD): مروری بر رویکردهای نوین در بازیابی آب از منابع آبی نامتعارف

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 استاد مهندسی شیمی، سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی شیمی، سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی ایران

چکیده

کمبود منابع آب در سال‌های آتی به یکی از بزرگ‌ترین چالش­های جهانی تبدیل خواهدشد و به همین‌دلیل می‌باید از تمامی منابع آبی نامتعارف در دسترس استفاده کرد. تخلیۀ مایع صفر به‌عنوان یک سامانۀ نوظهور برای به حداقل رساندن پساب (به‌ویژه پساب­ های شور) و بیشینه‌کردن بازیابی منابع آب، در چند سال اخیر توجه پژوهشگران و واحدهای صنعتی را جلب کرده‌است. اگرچه، تبخیر حرارتی به‌عنوان روش متداول تخلیۀ مایع صفر شناخته شده‌است، در سالیان اخیر استفاده از فرایندهای غشایی متداول اسمز معکوس و فرایندهای جدید تقطیر غشایی، اسمز مستقیم و الکترودیالیز در ترکیب با روش­های حرارتی و بلورسازها جلب توجه کرده‌است تا با کاهش حجم پساب، شدت جریان ورودی به سامانه­های حرارتی کاهش یابد. در این مقاله، پس از معرفی اجمالی سامانه­های تخلیۀ مایع صفر حرارتی و غشایی، تحقیقاتی گسترده- که به‌منظور بهبود عملکرد و اقتصاد این سامانه­ها با استفاده از فرایندهای ترکیبی ازجمله ترکیب روش­های حرارتی- غشایی در دست انجام است- مرور شده‌است. با مقایسۀ عملکرد هر یک از آن‌ها، ظرفیت و محدودیت‌های این سامانه­ها بررسی شده‌است. اگرچه، استفاده از سامانه­های تخلیۀ مایع صفر باعث افزایش سرمایه ­گذاری اولیه و هزینه‌های عملیاتی و درنتیجه، قیمت آب تولیدی خواهدشد، ولی به‌دلیل کمبود منابع آبی در مناطقی با تنش آبی  و نیز آثار مخرب زیست‌محیطی ناشی از تخلیۀ پساب­ ها، می ­توان انتظار داشت که در آیندۀ نزدیک به‌عنوان راهکاری ضروری برای مدیریت پایدار منابع آبی نامتعارف به بهره‌برداری برسد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD): A Review on Novel Approaches in Water Recovery from Unconventional Water Resources

نویسندگان [English]

  • S. Shokrollahzadeh 1
  • M. T. Fouladvand 2
1 Professor of Chemical Engineering, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology
2 Ph. D. Student of Chemical Engineering, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology
چکیده [English]

Water scarcity will become one of the biggest global challenges in the coming years and all available unconventional water resources must be used to produce water. Zero liquid discharge as an emerging system to minimize effluent (especially brines) and maximize water recovery from wastewater has been used by researchers and industries in recent years. Thermal evaporation is known as a common method for zero liquid discharge. However, the use of conventional and novel membrane processes of reverse osmosis, membrane distillation, forward osmosis, and electrodialysis in combination with thermal systems and crystallizers have been recently considered to reduce the volume of wastewater and influent flow rate of the thermal systems. In this article, after a brief introduction of thermal and membrane zero liquid discharge systems, the conducted research to improve the economics of these systems using thermal-membrane hybrid processes is reviewed. By comparing the performance of each of them, the potential and limitations of these systems have been explained. Although the use of zero liquid discharge systems increases the initial investment, operating costs, and water cost, due to the lack of water resources in water stress areas and also the harmful environmental effects caused by wastewater discharge, it can be expected to be widely exploited in the near future. It is a necessary solution for the sustainable management of unconventional water resources.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Water Recovery
  • Unconventional Waters
  • Thermal Processes
  • Membrane Processes
  • Process Economy

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مهندسی شیمی ایران
دوره 22، شماره 130
آذر و دی 1402
صفحه 7-26

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