‌‌مروری بر سورفکتانت های‌ زیستی: مشخصه سازی و کاربردها

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 گروه بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده مهندسی شیمی، دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر، تهران

2 گروه محیط زیست، پژوهشکده انرژی، پژوهشگاه مواد و انرژی، کرج، البرز

چکیده

در سال­های بازپسین، با صنعتی­شدن جوامع، افزایش جمعیت و آلودگی در سراسر دنیا، تمایل به استفاده از سورفکتانت‌های زیستی افزایش یافته­است. زیست‌توده­ها طیف وسیعی از ترکیبات فعال سطحی بهنام سورفکتانت‌های ‌زیستی را، که ترکیبات دوگانه‌‌دوستی با
سر آب‌دوست دم آب­گریز هستند تولید می­کنند. این ترکیبات به
طور عمده براساس وزن مولکولی، خواص فیزیکی- شیمیایی و منبع میکروبی طبقه­بندی می­شوند. ‌‌ سورفکتانت‌های ‌زیستی با وزن‌مولکولی کم، کشش سطحی آب/هوا یا آب/روغن را کاهش می‌دهند، درحالی‌که امولسیفایرهای زیستی با وزن‌مولکولی بالا، در تثبیت امولسیون‌ها مؤثر هستند. سورفکتانت‌های زیستی، باتوجه ‌به ویژگی­ها و برتری‌های بالقوۀ خود نسبت به انواع شیمیایی مانند سمیت کم، تجزیه­پذیری زیستی بالا، غلظت بحرانی مایسل کم و تحمل دما، قدرت یونی و pH، در صنایع مختلفی همچون صنعت نفت، غذایی، پزشکی، آرایشی، شوینده، کشاورزی و پالایش زیستی ‌محیط‌زیست کاربردهای گسترده­ای یافته­اند.
با‌ این‌حال کاربرد و تولید آن­ها در مقیاس صنعتی به
علت هزینۀ بالای تولید، محدود شده‌است. به‌همین دلیل صنایع و پژوهشگران در پی یافتن روش­هایی همچون استفاده از بسترهای ارزانقیمت مانند ملاس، روغن­های گیاهی و آب­پنیر هستند؛ تا بتوانند هزینۀ بالای تولید این محصولات سبز را در مقیاس صنعتی کاهشدهند. از این‌رو شناخت ویژگی­ها و مشخصه‌سازی سورفکتانت‌های زیستی از اهمیت ویژه­ای برخوردار است. در این بررسی به چند جنبۀ مهم ‌ سورفکتانت‌های زیستی همچون طبقه­بندی­، ویژگی‌ها، عوامل مؤثر بر تولید، شاخصهای ارزیابی و روش‌های آزمون و کاربرد آن­ها در صنایع مختلف پرداخته­شده­است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

A Review on the Biosurfactants: Characteriszation and Applications

نویسندگان [English]

  • Gh. Faridizad 1
  • E. Abdollahzadeh Sharghi 2
1 Amirkabir University of Technology
2 Material and Energy Research Center
چکیده [English]

In recent years, with the industrialization of societies, population growth, and pollution around the world, the tendency to the use of biosurfactants has increased. Microorganisms produce a wide range of surface-active compounds called biosurfactants, which are amphiphilic compounds with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These compounds are mainly classified according to their molecular weight, physico-chemical properties, and microbial origin. Low molecular weight biosurfactants reduce the surface tension of water/air or water/oil, while bioemulsifier with high molecular weight are effective in stabilizing emulsions. Biosurfactants, due to their properties and potential advantages over chemical counterparts such as low toxicity, high biodegradability, critical micelle low concentration and tolerance of temperature, ionic strength and pH, are widely used in various industries such as petroleum, food, medicine, cosmetics, detergent, ariculture and environmental bioremediation. However, due to the high cost of production, their large-scale production and applications are limited. That's why industries and researchers are looking for methods such as using low-cost substrates such as molasses, vegetable oils, and whey to reduce the high cost of these green products in the industrial scale. In this study, several important aspects of biosurfactants, such as classification, characteristics, factors affecting production, evaluation indicators and test methods, and their application in various industries have been discussed.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biosurfactant
  • Bioemulsifier
  • Surface Tension
  • Characterization
  • Industrial Application
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